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theoretical rocket

Толкование Перевод

1 theoretical rocket

Космонавтика: идеальная ракета

Универсальный англо-русский словарь > theoretical rocket
2 theoretical rocket

идеальная ракета (со скоростью полёта, равной скорости истечения продуктов сгорания)

Englsh-Russian aviation and space dictionary > theoretical rocket
3 rocket

( неуправляемая) ракета, см. тж. missile; ракетный двигатель; свеча ( особенно переходящая в восходящую петлю) ; стрелять ракетами

conical segmented solid fuel rocket — РДТТ с коническим секционным зарядом

free(-flight, -fly) rocket — неуправляемая ракета

liquid(-fueled, -propellant, -propelled) rocket — жидкостная ракета или ракетный двигатель

low pressure nuclear heat-transfer rocket — ядерная ракета с теплопередачей к рабочему телу под низким давлением

radar-reflecting distress signal rocket — аварийно-сигнальная ракета с дипольными отражателями

— acceleration rocket

— aerodynamically stabilized rocket

— aerodynamic-type rocket

— air-augmented rocket

— airborne rocket

— air-breathing rocket

— aircraft-launched rocket

— air-to-space rocket

— all-solid propellant rocket

— ancillary rocket

— antiaircraft rocket

— antihail rocket

— antimissile rocket

— antispin rocket

— antitailspin rocket

— AP rocket

— apogee-injection rocket

— armament rocket

— armor-piercing rocket

— artillery rocket

— assisted-takeoff rocket

— astronomical rocket

— atmosphere rocket

— ATO rocket

— atomic hydrogen rocket

— atomic-powered rocket

— auxiliary rocket

— ballistic rocket

— balloon-borne rocket

— balloon-launched rocket

— balloon-supported rocket

— balloon-type rocket

— barrage rocket

— belt-fed rocket

— bi-phase rocket

— bipropellant rocket

— blunt-nose rocket

— boost rocket

— boosted rocket

— booster rocket

— bottom rocket

— brake rocket

— braking rocket

— building-block rocket

— camera rocket

— cargo rocket

— carrier rocket

— cavity reactor rocket

— cesium-ion rocket

— chaff-dispensing rocket

— chemical rocket

— chute sounding rocket

— cigarette-burning rocket

— circumsolar rocket

— cloud seeding rocket

— clrcumlunar rocket

— clustered rocket

— consumable nuclear rocket

— consumable rocket

— control rocket

— controlled rocket

— controlled-explosion rocket

— correction rocket

— cruciform winged rocket

— cruciform-tailed rocket

— deceleration rocket

— deep-space rocket

— delta-wing rocket

— de-orbit rocket

— de-orbit-retro rocket

— distress signal rocket

— disturbance rocket

— double-nozzled rocket

— double-star signal rocket

— drill rocket

— dry-fuel rocket

— dual-thrust rocket

— ducted rocket

— dummy rocket

— earth-satellite rocket

— ejection rocket

— electrically powered rocket

— electric-nuclear rocket

— electromagnetic rocket

— electron-bombardment ion rocket

— electrostatic rocket

— electrothermal rocket

— end-burning rocket

— erratic rocket

— escape rocket

— expendable rocket

— experimental rocket

— exploration rocket

— external rockets

— extraterrestrial rocket

— fast reactor rocket

— fast-response rocket

— ferry rocket

— final-stage rocket

— finless rocket

— finned rocket

— fin-stabilized rocket

— firework rocket

— first-generation rocket

— fizzler rocket

— flox-burning rocket

— folding-fin rocket

— forward-facing rocket

— forward-firing aerial rocket

— forward-firing rocket

— free-rolling rocket

— full-scale rocket

— gaseous-fission rocket

— geophysical rocket

— gimbaled rocket

— glide rocket

— global rocket

— guided rocket

— heat-transfer nuclear rocket

— heavy rocket

— helium-injection rocket

— high-altitude rocket

— high-explosive rocket

— high-thrust rocket

— high-velocity aircraft rocket

— HTO rocket

— hybrid rocket

— hydrazine rocket

— hydrogen rocket

— hydrogen-oxygen rocket

— hydrogen-peroxide-powered rocket

— hypergolic rocket

— hypersonic rocket

— hyperveloclty rocket

— ideal rocket

— igniter rocket

— impulse rocket

— incremental-step rocket

— inert practice rocket

— inhabited rocket

— initial rocket

— instrumented rocket

— instrument-equipped rocket

— internal sustainer rocket

— interplanetary rocket

— ion rocket

— JATO rocket

— jato rocket

— jettisonable booster rocket

— jump rocket

— kick rocket

— laboratory rocket

— landing rocket

— lateral-burning rocket

— life rocket

— light rocket

— line-carrying rocket

— line-throwing rocket

— liquid-chemical rocket

— liquid-core nuclear rocket

— long-range rocket

— low-altitude rocket

— low-cost rocket

— low-level rocket

— low-thrust rocket

— lunar rocket

— mail-carrying rocket

— main rocket

— man-carrying rocket

— maneuvering rocket

— many-staged rocket

— medium-range rocket

— meteorological rocket

— monopropellant rocket

— moon rocket

— multiple tank rocket

— multiple-nozzle rocket

— multiple-step rocket

— multistaged rocket

— nonexpendable rocket

— nonrecoverable rocket

— nontlirust rocket

— N-step rocket

— nuclear heat-transfer rocket

— nuclear rocket

— nuclear-fission rocket

— one-shot rocket

— on-off rocket

— on-off solid rocket

— optimized rocket

— orbital rocket

— outer-space rocket

— paraglider-recovered rocket

— passenger rocket

— peroxide rocket

— photographic rocket

— photon rocket

— piloted stage rocket

— pilotless rocket

— plasma core rocket

— plasma rocket

— plug nozzle rocket

— postal rocket

— powder rocket

— practice rocket

— pre-packaged liquid-propellant rocket

— preset rocket

— probe rocket

— production-type rocket

— projectile-shaped rocket

— ram rocket

— readied rocket

— reconnaissance rocket

— recoverable-stage rocket

— rescue rocket

— research rocket

— restricted-burning rocket

— retarding rocket

— retro rocket

— retrograde rocket

— retrothrust rocket

— re-usable rocket

— reverse-thrust rocket

— rotor rocket

— satellite rocket

— satellite-launching rocket

— seat-pusher rocket

— second-stage rocket

— self-contained rocket

— separation rocket

— sharp-nosed rocket

— short-range rocket

— signal rocket

— simulated rocket

— single-stage rocket

— single-step rocket

— sister rocket

— sky rocket

— slender rocket

— slim rocket

— smoke rocket

— smokeless rocket

— smoky rocket

— solid boosted rocket

— solid-core nuclear rocket

— solid-fuel rocket

— solid-liquid rocket

— solid-propellant rocket

— sounding rocket

— space observation rocket

— space rocket

— spin rocket

— spinner rocket

— spin-stabilized rocket

— stage rocket

— steam rocket

— steering rocket

— step-by-step rocket

— stop-start solid rocket

— sub rocket

— subliming solid rocket

— subsonic rocket

— superperformance rocket

— supersonic rocket

— supply rocket

— survival rocket

— sustainer rocket

— takeoff rocket

— tandem rocket

— tanker rocket

— target rocket

— telemetering rocket

— theoretical rocket

— three-stage rocket

— three-step rocket

— throttlable rocket

— thrust-augmented rocket

— thrust-limited rocket

— thrust-vector-control led rocket

— tip rocket

— transonic rocket

— transport rocket

— turboratn rocket

— two-stage rocket

— two-step rocket

— ullage rocket

— unboosted rocket

— unfinned rocket

— unfueled rocket

— unguided rocket

— unmanned rocket

— unrestricted burning rocket

— upper-air exploration rocket

— upper-air research rocket

— upper-atmosphere exploration rocket

— upper-atmosphere research rocket

— vernier rocket

— VTO rocket

— wet-fuel rocket

— wind rocket

— window-loaded rocket

— wingtip rocket

— workhorse rocket

— zero-length rocket

Englsh-Russian aviation and space dictionary > rocket
4 aircraft

воздушное судно [суда], атмосферный летательный аппарат [аппараты]; самолёт (ы) ; вертолёты); авиация; авиационный; см. тж. airplane, boost

aircraft in the barrier — самолёт, задержанный аварийной (аэродромной) тормозной установкой

aircraft in the pattern — самолёт на посадочном круге

aircraft off the line — новый [только что построенный] ЛА

aircraft on minimum fuel — ЛА с минимальным (для посадки) остатком топлива

arresting hook equipped aircraft — самолёт с тормозным крюком

B through F aircraft — самолёты модификаций B, C, D, E и F

carrier(-based, -borne) aircraft — палубный ЛА; авианосная авиация

clean up the aircraft — убирать шасси и закрылки

clear the air of enemy aircraft — очищать воздушное пространство от авиации противника

conventional takeoff and landing aircraft — самолёт с обычными взлетом и посадкой (в отличие от укороченного или вертикального)

drive off enemy aircraft — отгонять ЛА противника

drop the aircraft onlo main wheels — опускать ЛА на главные колеса (при посадке)

earth resources survey aircraft — ЛА для исследования ресурсов Земли

force an enemy aircraft down — вынуждать ЛА противника к посадке

forward air control aircraft — самолёт наведения

get out of the aircraft — покидать ЛА

get the aircraft into production — запускать ЛА в (серийное) производство

get the aircraft on the ground — сажать ЛА на землю

high-differential pressure cabin aircraft — самолёт с большим перепадом давления в гермокабине

in-flight refueling tanker aircraft — самолёт-заправщик

keep the aircraft (headed) straight — выдерживать направление полёта ЛА (при выполнении маневра); сохранять прямолинейный полет ЛА

keep the aircraft flying — поддерживать ЛА в состоянии лётной годности

keep the aircraft in flying trim — поддерживать ЛА в состоянии лётной годности

keep the aircraft stalled — сохранять режим срыва [сваливания] самолёта, оставлять самолёт в режиме срыва [сваливания]

lift the aircraft off the ground — отрывать ЛА от земли (при взлете)

light observation quiet aircraft — лёгкий наблюдательный малошумный самолёт

low-differential pressure cabin aircraft — самолёт с малым перепадом давления в гермокабине

nearly wing borne aircraft — верт. ЛА в конце режима перехода к горизонтальному полёту

night forward air control aircraft — ночной самолёт наведения

outmaneuver an enemy aircraft — превосходить ЛА противника в маневренности

outspeed an enemy aircraft — превосходить ЛА противника в скорости

pull the aircraft off the deck — разг. отрывать ЛА от земли (при взлете)

put the aircraft back in an operational status — возвращать ЛА в строй (годных к эксплуатации)

put the aircraft into service — вводить ЛА в эксплуатацию

put the aircraft nose-up — переводить [вводить] ЛА на кабрирование [в режим кабрирования]

put the aircraft onto the runway — сажать ЛА па ВПП

put the aircraft through its paces — определять предельные возможности ЛА, «выжимать все из ЛА»

reduced takeoff and landing aircraft — самолёт укороченного взлета и посадки (с укороченным разбегом и пробегом)

remotely controlled manned aircraft — телеуправляемый ЛА с экипажем на борту (на этапе отработки)

remotely piloted target aircraft — дистанционно управляемый самолёт-мишень

render the aircraft airborne — поднимать ЛА в воздух

rock the aircraft from side to side — раскачивать ЛА из стороны в сторону

rocket(-powered, -propelled) aircraft — ракетный ЛА, ЛА с ракетным двигателем

roll the aircraft into a bank — вводить ЛА в крен, накренять ЛА

rotate the aircraft into the climb — увеличивать угол тангажа ЛА для перехода к набору высоты, переводить ЛА в набор высоты

search and rescue aircraft — поисково-спасательный самолёт или вертолёт

send the aircraft around — направлять ЛА на второй круг

short takeoff and landing aircraft — самолёт короткого взлета и посадки (с коротким разбегом и пробегом)

single vertical tail aircraft — ЛА с одинарным [центральным] вертикальным оперением

stability and control aircraft — ЛА для исследования характеристик устойчивости и управляемости

stowable rotor aircraft — ЛА со складывающимся несущим винтом

strategic(-mission, -purpose) aircraft — ЛА стратегического назначения; стратегический самолёт

take the aircraft into flight — поднимать ЛА в воздух

take the aircraft throughout its entire envelope — пилотировать ЛА во всем диапазоне полётных режимов

talk in an aircraft — раза выводить ЛА на посадочный курс

test and evaluation aircraft — ЛА предназначенные для лётных испытаний и оценки

tilt wing-deflected slipstream aircraft — СВВП с поворотным крылом и отклоняемой струей от винтов

trim the aircraft to fly hands-and-feet off — балансировать самолёт для полёта с брошенным управлением [с брошенными ручкой и педалями]

turbofan(-engined, -powered) aircraft — ЛА с турбовентиляторными двигателями, ЛА с ТРДД

turbojet(-powered, -propelled) aircraft — ЛА с ТРД

turn the aircraft toward the runway — разворачивать ЛА в направлении ВПП

turn up the aircraft — гонять двигатели ЛА

undergraduate navigator training aircraft — учебно-тренировочный самолёт для повышенной лётной подготовки штурманов

upper atmosphere research aircraft — ЛА для исследования верхних слоев атмосферы

vertical takeoff and landing aircraft — ЛА вертикального взлета и посадки

water(-based, takeoff and landing) aircraft — гидросамолёт

wrench the aircraft into a turn — вводить ЛА в разворот

— abandoned aircraft

— aborted aircraft

— acrobatic aircraft

— active ECM aircraft

— administrative aircraft

— advanced aircraft

— advanced-trainer aircraft

— aerobatic aircraft

— aerobatic training aircraft

— aerodynamic-test aircraft

— aft-engined aircraft

— ailing aircraft

— air alert aircraft

— air reserve aircraft

— airborne alert aircraft

— air-breathing aircraft

— air-carrier aircraft

— aircraft in distress

— aircraft in service

— aircraft in trouble

— aircraft on loan

— airline aircraft

— air-to-air refueling aircraft

— airworthy aircraft

— all-altitude aircraft

— all-body aircraft

— all-can-do aircraft

— all-cargo aircraft

— all-metal aircraft

— all-purpose aircraft

— all-rocket-armed aircraft

— all-terrain aircraft

— all-weather aircraft

— all-wing aircraft

— all-wood aircraft

— aluminum aircraft

— ambulance aircraft

— amphibian aircraft

— amphibious aircraft

— annular-wing aircraft

— antiradiation missile aircraft

— antisubmarine warfare aircraft

— armed aircraft

— armored aircraft

— army aircraft

— army cooperation aircraft

— army support aircraft

— arriving aircraft

— artillery location aircraft

— artillery observation aircraft

— artillery reconnaissance aircraft

— assault aircraft

— assault transport aircraft

— ASW aircraft

— asymmetrical aircraft

— athodyd aircraft

— atmosphere-entry-type aircraft

— attack aircraft

— augmented jet aircraft

— augmentor-wing aircraft

— automatically-controlled aircraft

— autopilot-controlled aircraft

— autopiloted aircraft

— backup aircraft

— bailment aircraft

— ballasted aircraft

— base flight aircraft

— basic aircraft

— big-door aircraft

— bimotor aircraft

— bingoing aircraft

— biservice aircraft

— bisymmetrical aircraft

— BLC aircraft

— blind-flying training aircraft

— bobtailed aircraft

— bombing aircraft

— boost-glide aircraft

— border patrol aircraft

— box-like aircraft

— braced aircraft

— business aircraft

— cabin-type aircraft

— canard aircraft

— cargo aircraft

— carrier-on-board aircraft

— CASS aircraft

— catapulted aircraft

— Cat-T aircraft

— century series aircraft

— certified aircraft

— channel-wing aircraft

— chase aircraft

— chemically-fueled aircraft

— chemically-powered aircraft

— chock the aircraft

— clean configured aircraft

— close-air-support aircraft

— cloud sampling aircraft

— coastal patrol aircraft

— COIN aircraft

— collapsible aircraft

— collision-protected aircraft

— combat aircraft

— combat-and-trainer aircraft

— combat-damaged aircraft

— combat-loaded aircraft

— combination aircraft

— command communication aircraft

— command post aircraft

— commercial aircraft

— communication relay aircraft

— company-funded aircraft

— comparable enemy aircraft

— complete aircraft

— composite aircraft

— composite powerplant aircraft

— composite turbojet aircraft

— computer-driven aircraft

— configure the aircraft

— conventional design aircraft

— conventional-technology aircraft

— converging aircraft

— conversion-type aircraft

— converted aircraft

— convertible aircraft

— cooperation aircraft

— countermeasures aircraft

— crashed aircraft

— crash-landed aircraft

— crescent-wing aircraft

— cross-country aircraft

— cruciform aircraft

— CTOL aircraft

— damaged aircraft

— deck-landing aircraft

— deck-launched aircraft

— deck-launching aircraft

— defensive aircraft

— deflected-exhaust aircraft

— deflected-slipstream aircraft

— deflected-thrust aircraft

— delta-winged aircraft

— demonstrator aircraft

— departing aircraft

— designator aircraft

— development batch aircraft

— development test aircraft

— developmental aircraft

— directed aircraft

— direct-lift aircraft

— director aircraft

— disabled aircraft

— dispersed aircraft

— distressed aircraft

— dlscoid-shaped aircraft

— Doppler-navigated aircraft

— double-deck aircraft

— double-delta aircraft

— downed aircraft

— drone aircraft

— dual-control aircraft

— dual-role aircraft

— dual-service aircraft

— ducted-propeller aircraft

— dynamically slender aircraft

— early-warning aircraft

— ECM aircraft

— eight-engined aircraft

— ejection-seat aircraft

— ejector-seat aircraft

— electronic conntermeasures aircraft

— electronic intelligence aircraft

— electronic reconnaissance aircraft

— electronic warfare aircraft

— electronically-controlled aircraft

— elongated aircraft

— endurance-test aircraft

— enemy intruder aircraft

— engineless aircraft

— enroute aircraft

— errant aircraft

— escort aircraft

— executive aircraft

— exit the aircraft

— expendable aircraft

— experimental aircraft

— extended-range aircraft

— faker aircraft

— fan-in-wing aircraft

— fan-jet aircraft

— fast aircraft

— fast-climbing aircraft

— fast-penetration aircraft

— feeder liner aircraft

— ferret aircraft

— ferrying aircraft

— fertilizing aircraft

— fighter control aircraft

— fighter direction aircraft

— fighter reconnaissance aircraft

— firing aircraft

— first-generation aircraft

— first-line aircraft

— fixed aircraft

— fixed-gear aircraft

— fixed-geometry aircraft

— fixed-wing aircraft

— flamed-out aircraft

— flank aircraft

— flapless aircraft

— flapped aircraft

— fleet-orbiting aircraft

— flexible aircraft

— flight aircraft

— flight-inspection aircraft

— flight-test aircraft

— floated aircraft

— flutter-clear aircraft

— flying testbed aircraft

— folding-rotor aircraft

— folding-winged aircraft

— foreign-built aircraft

— four-engined aircraft

— four-jet aircraft

— freight aircraft

— friendly aircraft

— front-line aircraft

— full-scale aircraft

— full-sized aircraft

— fully-aerobatic aircraft

— fully-armed aircraft

— fully-fueled aircraft

— fully-manned aircraft

— fuselage-heavy aircraft

— G aircraft

— gas-turbine aircraft

— gear-down aircraft

— gear-up aircraft

— general aviation aircraft

— general-purpose aircraft

— general-utility aircraft

— generating aircraft

— GETOL aircraft

— glazed-nose aircraft

— glider transport aircraft

— glider tug aircraft

— glide-type aircraft

— government aircraft

— ground alert aircraft

— guided aircraft

— gunship aircraft

— gust sensitive aircraft

— gyrodyne aircraft

— handle the aircraft

— handy aircraft

— hard-runway aircraft

— heavier-than-air aircraft

— heavy weight aircraft

— hedge-hopping aircraft

— helicopter-cum-fixed-wing aircraft

— high-altitude aircraft

— high-altitude surveillance aircraft

— high-aspect-ratio wing aircraft

— high-dynamic-pressure aircraft

— high-flying aircraft

— highly-flexible aircraft

— highly-maneuverable aircraft

— highly-wing loaded aircraft

— high-Mach aircraft

— high-performance aircraft

— high-set tail aircraft

— high-speed aircraft

— high-subsonic aircraft

— high-supersonic aircraft

— high-time aircraft

— high-winged aircraft

— holding aircraft

— home-built aircraft

— hostile aircraft

— hot-foot aircraft

— hovering aircraft

— hover-jet aircraft

— human-piloted aircraft

— hungry aircraft

— hydro-ski aircraft

— hypersonic aircraft

— hypersonic cruise aircraft

— hypothetical aircraft

— IFR aircraft

— illuminating aircraft

— incoming aircraft

— inertial fuselage-heavy aircraft

— inertially slender aircraft

— inflatable aircraft

— inflatable-wing aircraft

— inhabited aircraft

— in-service aircraft

— instrument training aircraft

— instrumented aircraft

— intercity aircraft

— intercommunication aircraft

— intercontinental aircraft

— interrogate the aircraft

— intruder aircraft

— inverted aircraft

— jamming aircraft

— jet attack aircraft

— jet-augmented aircraft

— jet-boosted aircraft

— jet-ejector aircraft

— jet-engined aircraft

— jet-flap aircraft

— jet-flap research aircraft

— jet-lift aircraft

— jet-propelled aircraft

— jet-propulsion aircraft

— jumbo aircraft

— key aircraft

— laminar-flow aircraft

— laminarized aircraft

— land-based aircraft

— large dimension aircraft

— large-capacity aircraft

— large-payload aircraft

— late-production aircraft

— launched aircraft

— launching aircraft

— leader aircraft

— leading aircraft

— leadnose aircraft

— level the aircraft

— level-supersonic aircraft

— LFC aircraft

— liaison aircraft

— license-built aircraft

— license-manufactured aircraft

— lift-fan aircraft

— lifting aircraft

— light transport aircraft

— lighter-than-air aircraft

— litter aircraft

— load the aircraft

— loaded aircraft

— loitering aircraft

— long-distance aircraft

— long-endurance aircraft

— long-range aircraft

— low-altitude aircraft

— low-aspect-ratiowing aircraft

— low-flying aircraft

— low-level aircraft

— low-observable aircraft

— low-set-tail aircraft

— low-speed aircraft

— low-wing aircraft

— low-wing-loading aircraft

— man the aircraft

— man-carrying aircraft

— maneuverable aircraft

— maneuvering aircraft

— maneuvering-type aircraft

— manned aircraft

— man-powered aircraft

— manually controlled aircraft

— marginally powered aircraft

— marine aircraft

— maritime aircraft

— mass-produced aircraft

— medical air-evacuation aircraft

— medium cargo aircraft

— medium transport aircraft

— medium-weight aircraft

— medium-capacity aircraft

— medium-haul aircraft

— medium-payload aircraft

— medium-range aircraft

— metal aircraft

— meteorological reconnaissance aircraft

— middle-wing aircraft

— mid-set aircraft

— mid-wing aircraft

— mine-laying aircraft

— missile-carrier aircraft

— missile-carrying aircraft

— missile-launching aircraft

— mission aircraft

— MIT aircraft

— mixed jet-rocket aircraft

— mixed-powerplant aircraft

— model aircraft

— modified aircraft

— modular aircraft

— mother aircraft

— motorless aircraft

— multiengined aircraft

— multijet aircraft

— multimission aircraft

— multiplace aircraft

— multipurpose aircraft

— multiseated aircraft

— multisensor aircraft

— M-wing aircraft

— narrow-bodied aircraft

— navalized aircraft

— near term aircraft

— nonaerobatic aircraft

— noncombat aircraft

— nonexpendable aircraft

— nonmaneuverable aircraft

— nonoperational aircraft

— nonpressurized cabin aircraft

— nonspinnable aircraft

— nonspinning aircraft

— normal design aircraft

— nose-heavy aircraft

— nose-tow-equipped aircraft

— nose-wheel aircraft

— nuclear aircraft

— nuclear-carrier aircraft

— nuclear-powered aircraft

— nuclear-propelled aircraft

— number two aircraft

— oblique takeoff aircraft

— oblique wing aircraft

— observation aircraft

— obsolete aircraft

— ogee-planform aircraft

— ogee-wing aircraft

— oncoming aircraft

— open-cockpit aircraft

— operating aircraft

— operational aircraft

— operational trainer aircraft

— operational training aircraft

— operationally-configured aircraft

— operationally-ready aircraft

— opponent aircraft

— opposing aircraft

— optimum aircraft

— orbiting aircraft

— originating aircraft

— out-of-control aircraft

— overloaded aircraft

— overtaken aircraft

— overwater aircraft

— overweight aircraft

— pacer aircraft

— paint the aircraft

— pantobase aircraft

— pantosurface aircraft

— paper aircraft

— parabolic flight aircraft

— parasol aircraft

— parent aircraft

— parked aircraft

— passenger/cargo aircraft

— passenger-carrying cargo aircraft

— pathfinder aircraft

— patrol aircraft

— performance aircraft

— personal aircraft

— photographic reconnaissance aircraft

— photographic-mapping aircraft

— photographic-survey aircraft

— picket aircraft

— pickup aircraft

— pilot-controlled aircraft

— pilot's aircraft

— pilot-training aircraft

— piston-driven aircraft

— piston-engined aircraft

— plastic aircraft

— podded aircraft

— pods-off aircraft

— power boost-controlled aircraft

— power the aircraft

— power-controlled aircraft

— powered aircraft

— powerful aircraft

— preflight the aircraft

— pre-production aircraft

— Present-generation aircraft

— Pressurized-cabin aircraft

— primary developmental aircraft

— primary training aircraft

— private aircraft

— probe aircraft

— production model aircraft

— prone-pilot aircraft

— proof-of-concept aircraft

— propeller-driven aircraft

— propeller-propelled aircraft

— propjet aircraft

— prop-lift aircraft

— proprotor aircraft

— propulsive wing aircraft

— protected aircraft

— prototype aircraft

— provisionally certificated aircraft

— pulsejet aircraft

— pusher-equipped aircraft

— pusher-type aircraft

— push-pull aircraft

— Q/STOL aircraft

— questionable aircraft

— quick aircraft

— quiet aircraft

— quieted aircraft

— quiet-engined aircraft

— R&D aircraft

— racing aircraft

— radar-calibration aircraft

— radar-nosed aircraft

— radar-picket aircraft

— radar-simulated aircraft

— radar-training aircraft

— radio-controlled aircraft

— ramjet-powered aircraft

— ramp-launched aircraft

— reaction-control aircraft

— readable aircraft

— rear-engined aircraft

— rear-loading aircraft

— receiver aircraft

— receiving aircraft

— reciprocating-engine aircraft

— reconnaissance aircraft

— record-holding aircraft

— recovery aircraft

— red-cross aircraft

— refueled aircraft

— refueling aircraft

— relay aircraft

— relief aircraft

— remotely controlled aircraft

— rendezvousing aircraft

— rent aircraft

— replacement aircraft

— rescue aircraft

— research aircraft

— research and development aircraft

— responsive aircraft

— retractable-gear aircraft

— reverse-thrust aircraft

— revetted aircraft

— ride the aircraft

— robot aircraft

— rocket-armed aircraft

— rocket-boosted aircraft

— rocket-carrying aircraft

— rotary wing aircraft

— rotating wing aircraft

— rotor aircraft

— rotor/propeller aircraft

— rugged aircraft

— runaway aircraft

— scissor-winged aircraft

— scramble aircraft

— seaborne aircraft

— search radar aircraft

— second-generation aircraft

— second-line aircraft

— second-mission aircraft

— semiaerobatic aircraft

— semiexpendable aircraft

— series production aircraft

— service aircraft

— service-test aircraft

— shadow aircraft

— shaker-equipped aircraft

— sheltered aircraft

— ship-based aircraft

— shipboard aircraft

— shipborne aircraft

— shore-based aircraft

— short takeoff aircraft

— shorter-winged aircraft

— short-field aircraft

— short-haul aircraft

— short-landing aircraft

— short-legged aircraft

— short-range aircraft

— short-span aircraft

— shoulder-wing aircraft

— sick aircraft

— side firing aircraft

— side-loading aircraft

— similar model aircraft

— simulated aircraft

— single-design-point aircraft

— single-float aircraft

— single-jet aircraft

— single-place aircraft

— single-seat aircraft

— six-engined aircraft

— skip-bombing aircraft

— slender aircraft

— slender-delta aircraft

— slender-wing aircraft

— slim-delta aircraft

— slow the aircraft

— slow-landing aircraft

— smooth-flying aircraft

— solo-piloted aircraft

— spare aircraft

— special aircraft

— specially instrumented aircraft

— special-mission aircraft

— special-purpose aircraft

— spin demonstration aircraft

— spin model aircraft

— spinnable aircraft

— spinning aircraft

— spirally stable aircraft

— spirally unstable aircraft

— spotter aircraft

— stabilized aircraft

— stable aircraft

— stacked aircraft

— staged aircraft

— stalled aircraft

— stall-free aircraft

— stall-proof aircraft

— stall-safe aircraft

— static-test aircraft

— steep gradient aircraft

— stick-pusher aircraft

— still-to-be-delivered aircraft

— STOL aircraft

— stopped-folded rotor aircraft

— stopped-stowed rotor aircraft

— stored aircraft

— stowed rotor aircraft

— strafer aircraft

— strafing aircraft

— straight-jet aircraft

— straight-wing aircraft

— streamlined aircraft

— stretched aircraft

— strike aircraft

— stripped aircraft

— strongly controlled aircraft

— study aircraft

— subsonic aircraft

— supersonic aircraft

— supersonic cruising aircraft

— supply aircraft

— supply dropper aircraft

— support type aircraft

— surface effect aircraft

— swept-back aircraft

— swept-wing aircraft

— swing-tail aircraft

— swing-wing aircraft

— swiveling-nozzle aircraft

— symmetrical aircraft

— symmetrically loaded aircraft

— systems test aircraft

— tailed aircraft

— tail-engined aircraft

— tail-first aircraft

— tailless aircraft

— tail-sitting aircraft

— tail-wheeled aircraft

— tandem aircraft

— tandem-wing aircraft

— tanker aircraft

— target aircraft

— target drone aircraft

— target-towing aircraft

— telecontrolled aircraft

— television-controlled aircraft

— terminating aircraft

— terrain-following aircraft

— test aircraft

— test-bed aircraft

— test-support aircraft

— the aircraft off

— theoretical aircraft

— thick-winged aircraft

— third-generation aircraft

— third-level aircraft

— threat aircraft

— three-point refueling aircraft

— thrust-vectored aircraft

— tied-down aircraft

— tight-turning aircraft

— tilt-fold-proprotor aircraft

— tilting-wing aircraft

— tilting-duct propeller aircraft

— tilt-propeller aircraft

— tilt-wing propeller aircraft

— torpedo-carrier aircraft

— towing aircraft

— tow-target aircraft

— tractor-type aircraft

— trailing aircraft

— trainer aircraft

— training aircraft

— transatlantic aircraft

— transcontinental aircraft

— transitional aircraft

— transoceanic aircraft

— transonic aircraft

— transonically-accelerating aircraft

— transponder-equipped aircraft

— transport aircraft

— trials aircraft

— tricyclic-geared aircraft

— triphibian aircraft

— triphibious aircraft

— triple-finned aircraft

— triplex-systemed aircraft

— tri-service aircraft

— tri-tail aircraft

— troop-carrier aircraft

— trunk-route aircraft

— T-tailed aircraft

— tug aircraft

— turbine-engined aircraft

— turbine-powered aircraft

— turboprop aircraft

— turboramjet aircraft

— turbulent aircraft

— twin-boom aircraft

— twin-duct aircraft

— twin-jet aircraft

— twin-turbofan aircraft

— twin-turboprop aircraft

— two-altimeter aircraft

— two-control aircraft

— two-design-point aircraft

— ultimate production aircraft

— ultra-high-performance aircraft

— unarmed aircraft

— unaugmented aircraft

— unbailable aircraft

— uncontrollable aircraft

— uncontrolled aircraft

— underrun the aircraft

— unflapped aircraft

— unflown aircraft

— unidentified aircraft

— unknown aircraft

— unmanned aircraft

— unmodified aircraft

— unprotected aircraft

— unstable aircraft

— unswept aircraft

— upright aircraft

— utility aircraft

— V/STOL aircraft

— variable-control aircraft

— variable-geometry aircraft

— variable-incidence aircraft

— variable-mass aircraft

— variable-stability aircraft

— variable-sweep wing aircraft

— vector the aircraft

— vectored aircraft

— vectored lift aircraft

— vectored thrust aircraft

— vectoring aircraft

— versatile aircraft

— vertical attitude aircraft

— vertical takeoff aircraft

— vertical-flight aircraft

— vertical-lift aircraft

— vertically-rising aircraft

— VG aircraft

— voice aircraft

— vortex generating aircraft

— VTOL aircraft

— weather-modified aircraft

— wheeled aircraft

— wide-body aircraft

— wingborne aircraft

— winged aircraft

— wingless aircraft

— wingman's aircraft

— winterized aircraft

— wool-tufted aircraft

— wrecked aircraft

— yaw the aircraft

— yawed aircraft

— zero-length-launch aircraft

Englsh-Russian aviation and space dictionary > aircraft
5 thrust

тяга; сила тяги; осевое давление; импульс; создавать тягу или импульс

100 per cent cold thrust — максимальная тяга на бесфорсажном режиме

maximum (standard rating) thrust — максимальная тяга

normal standard rating thrust — номинальная тяга

start in reverse thrust — запускать (двигатель) в режиме реверса тяги [при включенном реверсе]

static thrust with afterburning — статическая форсажная тяга

thrust at maximum reheat — максимальная форсажная тяга

thrust on the control — усилие на рычаге управления

thrust per frontal area — удельная лобовая тяга

— abort-rocket thrust

— acceleration thrust

— actual thrust

— adjustable thrust

— afterburner thrust

— afterburning thrust

— air thrust

— altitude thrust

— apparent thrust

— apply reverse thrust

— ascent engine thrust

— asymmetrical thrust

— augmented thrust

— average thrust

— axial thrust

— backward thrust

— basic thrust

— booster thrust

— bounded thrust

— brake thrust

— braking thrust

— brochure thrust

— calibrated thrust

— center-line thrust

— cold thrust

— combined thrust

— constant-attitude thrust

— controllable thrust

— corrected jet thrust

— corrective thrust

— cruise thrust

— deflected thrust

— delta thrust

— demand thrust

— depitch thrust

— descent engine thrust

— design thrust

— desired thrust

— direct lift thrust

— direct thrust

— dry thrust

— dynamic thrust

— eccentric thrust

— effective thrust

— emergency thrust

— engine thrust

— excess thrust

— exhaust thrust

— experimental thrust

— extra thrust

— fan-air thrust

— fixed thrust

— flight thrust

— forward thrust

— free air thrust

— full afterburner thrust

— full cold thrust

— full reverse thrust

— full thrust

— full-scale thrust

— fully rotatable thrust

— give thrust

— gross thrust

— high acceleration thrust

— hot thrust

— ideal thrust

— idle thrust

— idling thrust

— inflight net thrust

— initial thrust

— installed thrust

— instantaneous thrust

— internal thrust

— jato thrust

— jet thrust

— leveled thrust

— lift engine thrust

— lifting thrust

— liftoff thrust

— main thrust

— maneuver thrust

— maximum continuous thrust

— mean thrust

— measured thrust

— military rated thrust

— momentum thrust

— motor thrust

— negative thrust

— net thrust

— neutral thrust

— nominal thrust

— non-afterburning thrust

— normal rated thrust

— observed thrust

— one-dimensional thrust

— orbiter thrust

— oscillatory thrust

— overall thrust

— overshoot full thrust

— partial thrust

— peak thrust

— pitch thrust

— positive thrust

— powerplant thrust

— preselected thrust

— pressure thrust

— produce thrust

— progressive thrust

— propeller thrust

— propulsion engine thrust

— propulsive thrust

— radial thrust

— rated thrust

— reactive thrust

— reduced thrust

— regressive thrust

— reheat thrust

— required thrust

— reserve thrust

— residual thrust

— resultant thrust

— resulting thrust

— retro-rocket thrust

— reverse thrust

— rocket thrust

— roll thrust

— rotor thrust

— sea-level thrust

— secondary thrust

— shaft thrust

— side thrust

— single-chamber thrust

— space-equivalent thrust

— specific thrust

— specification thrust

— specified thrust

— stage thrust

— standard-day thrust

— starting thrust

— static dry thrust

— static thrust

— steady thrust

— sustainer thrust

— symmetrical thrust

— system thrust

— tailoff thrust

— takeoff thrust

— target thrust

— taxi thrust

— theoretical thrust

— throttlable thrust

— thrust at lift-off

— thrust of nozzle

— thrust out

— thrust with reheat

— thrust without afterburner

— top thrust

— total thrust

— transient thrust

— transition thrust

— two-stage thrust

— unaugmented thrust

— unbalanced thrust

— under thrust

— uninstalled thrust

— unsymmetrical thrust

— uprate thrust

— variable thrust

— vectored thrust

— vectored/direct lift thrust

— velocity thrust

— vertical thrust

— volume specific thrust

— water injection thrust

— wet thrust

— zero thrust

Englsh-Russian aviation and space dictionary > thrust
6 Stephenson, Robert

SUBJECT AREA: Land transport, Railways and locomotives

[br]

b. 16 October 1803 Willington Quay, Northumberland, England

d. 12 October 1859 London, England

[br]

English engineer who built the locomotive Rocket and constructed many important early trunk railways.

[br]

Robert Stephenson's father was George Stephenson, who ensured that his son was educated to obtain the theoretical knowledge he lacked himself. In 1821 Robert Stephenson assisted his father in his survey of the Stockton \& Darlington Railway and in 1822 he assisted William James in the first survey of the Liverpool \& Manchester Railway. He then went to Edinburgh University for six months, and the following year Robert Stephenson \& Co. was named after him as Managing Partner when it was formed by himself, his father and others. The firm was to build stationary engines, locomotives and railway rolling stock; in its early years it also built paper-making machinery and did general engineering.

In 1824, however, Robert Stephenson accepted, perhaps in reaction to an excess of parental control, an invitation by a group of London speculators called the Colombian Mining Association to lead an expedition to South America to use steam power to reopen gold and silver mines. He subsequently visited North America before returning to England in 1827 to rejoin his father as an equal and again take charge of Robert Stephenson \& Co. There he set about altering the design of steam locomotives to improve both their riding and their steam-generating capacity. Lancashire Witch, completed in July 1828, was the first locomotive mounted on steel springs and had twin furnace tubes through the boiler to produce a large heating surface. Later that year Robert Stephenson \& Co. supplied the Stockton \& Darlington Railway with a wagon, mounted for the first time on springs and with outside bearings. It was to be the prototype of the standard British railway wagon. Between April and September 1829 Robert Stephenson built, not without difficulty, a multi-tubular boiler, as suggested by Henry Booth to George Stephenson, and incorporated it into the locomotive Rocket which the three men entered in the Liverpool \& Manchester Railway's Rainhill Trials in October. Rocket, was outstandingly successful and demonstrated that the long-distance steam railway was practicable.

Robert Stephenson continued to develop the locomotive. Northumbrian, built in 1830, had for the first time, a smokebox at the front of the boiler and also the firebox built integrally with the rear of the boiler. Then in Planet, built later the same year, he adopted a layout for the working parts used earlier by steam road-coach pioneer Goldsworthy Gurney, placing the cylinders, for the first time, in a nearly horizontal position beneath the smokebox, with the connecting rods driving a cranked axle. He had evolved the definitive form for the steam locomotive.

Also in 1830, Robert Stephenson surveyed the London \& Birmingham Railway, which was authorized by Act of Parliament in 1833. Stephenson became Engineer for construction of the 112-mile (180 km) railway, probably at that date the greatest task ever undertaken in of civil engineering. In this he was greatly assisted by G.P.Bidder, who as a child prodigy had been known as "The Calculating Boy", and the two men were to be associated in many subsequent projects. On the London \& Birmingham Railway there were long and deep cuttings to be excavated and difficult tunnels to be bored, notoriously at Kilsby. The line was opened in 1838.

In 1837 Stephenson provided facilities for W.F. Cooke to make an experimental electrictelegraph installation at London Euston. The directors of the London \& Birmingham Railway company, however, did not accept his recommendation that they should adopt the electric telegraph and it was left to I.K. Brunel to instigate the first permanent installation, alongside the Great Western Railway. After Cooke formed the Electric Telegraph Company, Stephenson became a shareholder and was Chairman during 1857–8.

Earlier, in the 1830s, Robert Stephenson assisted his father in advising on railways in Belgium and came to be increasingly in demand as a consultant. In 1840, however, he was almost ruined financially as a result of the collapse of the Stanhope \& Tyne Rail Road; in return for acting as Engineer-in-Chief he had unwisely accepted shares, with unlimited liability, instead of a fee.

During the late 1840s Stephenson's greatest achievements were the design and construction of four great bridges, as part of railways for which he was responsible. The High Level Bridge over the Tyne at Newcastle and the Royal Border Bridge over the Tweed at Berwick were the links needed to complete the East Coast Route from London to Scotland. For the Chester \& Holyhead Railway to cross the Menai Strait, a bridge with spans as long-as 460 ft (140 m) was needed: Stephenson designed them as wrought-iron tubes of rectangular cross-section, through which the trains would pass, and eventually joined the spans together into a tube 1,511 ft (460 m) long from shore to shore. Extensive testing was done beforehand by shipbuilder William Fairbairn to prove the method, and as a preliminary it was first used for a 400 ft (122 m) span bridge at Conway.

In 1847 Robert Stephenson was elected MP for Whitby, a position he held until his death, and he was one of the exhibition commissioners for the Great Exhibition of 1851. In the early 1850s he was Engineer-in-Chief for the Norwegian Trunk Railway, the first railway in Norway, and he also built the Alexandria \& Cairo Railway, the first railway in Africa. This included two tubular bridges with the railway running on top of the tubes. The railway was extended to Suez in 1858 and for several years provided a link in the route from Britain to India, until superseded by the Suez Canal, which Stephenson had opposed in Parliament. The greatest of all his tubular bridges was the Victoria Bridge across the River St Lawrence at Montreal: after inspecting the site in 1852 he was appointed Engineer-in-Chief for the bridge, which was 1 1/2 miles (2 km) long and was designed in his London offices. Sadly he, like Brunel, died young from self-imposed overwork, before the bridge was completed in 1859.

[br]

Principal Honours and Distinctions

FRS 1849. President, Institution of Mechanical Engineers 1849. President, Institution of Civil Engineers 1856. Order of St Olaf (Norway). Order of Leopold (Belgium). Like his father, Robert Stephenson refused a knighthood.

Further Reading

L.T.C.Rolt, 1960, George and Robert Stephenson, London: Longman (a good modern biography).

J.C.Jeaffreson, 1864, The Life of Robert Stephenson, London: Longman (the standard nine-teenth-century biography).

M.R.Bailey, 1979, "Robert Stephenson \& Co. 1823–1829", Transactions of the Newcomen Society 50 (provides details of the early products of that company).

J.Kieve, 1973, The Electric Telegraph, Newton Abbot: David \& Charles.

See also: Pihl, Carl Abraham; Seguin, Marc

PJGR

Biographical history of technology > Stephenson, Robert
7 NTR

1) Американизм: National Tax Rebate

2) Спорт: New Track Record

3) Военный термин: National Transport Rotorcraft, Navy technical representative, No Test Required, Northern Test Range, nothing to report

4) Техника: noise-temperature ratio, nuclear test reactor, nuclear testing reactor, number of theoretical plates

5) Железнодорожный термин: Mississippi Central Railroad Company

6) Страхование: net technical reserves

7) Нефть: число теоретических тарелок (number of theoretical plates)

8) Банковское дело: неналоговые поступления (Non-Tax Revenue)

9) Биотехнология: neurotensin receptor

10) Фирменный знак: New Tampa Realty, Inc.

11) СМИ: National Talent Report, Notice To Readers

12) Образование: National Teacher Recruitment

13) Деревообработка: Скандинавский совет по веществам для защиты древесины (Nordic Wood Preservation Council, NTR)

14) ООН: Normal Trade Relations

15) Чат: None The Richer

16) Правительство: North Texas Region

17) НАСА: Nuclear Thermal Rocket

Универсальный англо-русский словарь > NTR
8 Tsiolkovsky (Ziolkowski), Konstantin Eduardovich

SUBJECT AREA: Aerospace

[br]

b. 17 September 1857 (5 September 1857, Old Style) Izhevskoye, Russia

d. 19 September 1935 Kaluga, Russia.

[br]

Russian pioneer space theorist.

[br]

The son of a Polish lumberjack who had settled in Russia, Tsiolkovsky was a largely self-educated schoolteacher who was practically deaf from childhood. In spite of this handicap, he studied the problems of space and spaceflight and arrived at most of the correct theoretical solutions. In 1883 he noted that the gas escaping from a vehicle moving into space would drive the containing vehicle away from it. He wrote a remarkable series of technical articles and papers including, in 1903, a seminal article, "Exploration of Space with Reactive Devices". His aerodynamic experiments did not receive any significant recognition from the Academy of Sciences, and his design for an all-metal dirigible was largely ignored at the 1914 Aeronautics Congress in St Petersburg. However, from the inception of the Soviet Union until his death, Tsiolkovsky continued his research with state support, and on 9 November 1921 he was granted a pension for life by the Council of the People's Commissars. He has rightly been described as the "Grandfather of Spaceflight" and as a fine theoretical engineer who established most of the principles upon which rocket technology is based.

[br]

Principal Honours and Distinctions

Elected to the Socialist Academy (later the Academy of Sciences of the USSR) 1919.

Further Reading

T.Osman, 1983, Space History, London: Michael Joseph.

R.Spangenburg and D.Moser, 1990, Space People, New York: Facts on File.

IMcN

Biographical history of technology > Tsiolkovsky (Ziolkowski), Konstantin Eduardovich
9 division

отдел; бюро; отделение ( компании) ; сектор; управление; дивизион; дивизия; отсек; (раз)деление; разборка

Advanced Spacecraft and Technology division — НАСА отдел усовершенствованных космических аппаратов и технологии

Aeronomy and Meteorology division — НАСА отдел аэрономии и метеорологии

Aerospace Research Pilot division — отдел подготовки лётчиков-испытателей воздушно-космических аппаратов и космонавтов (на авиабазе им. Эдвардса ВВС США)

Air Organization and Training division — Бр. управление организации и боевой подготовки (авиации ВМС)

Analysis and Computation division — НАСА расчётно-вычислительный отдел

Applied Materials and Physics division — НАСА отдел прикладных материалов и физики

Astrodynamics and Guidance Theory division — НАСА отдел астродинамики и теории управления

Biotechnology and Human Research division — НАСА отдел биотехники и исследований человеческого организма

Chemical Rocket Systems division — НАСА отдел ракетных систем на химическом топливе

Chemistry and Energy Conversion division — НАСА отдел химии и преобразования энергии

continental air defense division — дивизия командования ПВО континентальной части США

Data Acquisition and Systems Analysis division — НАСА отдел получения данных и анализа систем

division of Marine Aviation — Управление авиации морской пехоты США

Dynamics and Flight Mechanics division — НАСА отдел динамики и механики полёта

Electronic Engineering and Instrumentation Systems division — НАСА отдел электронной техники и приборно-измерительных систем

Electronics and Control division — НАСА отдел электроники и управления

Experimental Test Pilot division — школа лётчиков-испытателей (на авиабазе им. Эдвардса ВВС США)

Flight Crew Support division — НАСА отдел обеспечения лётными экипажами

Flight-Evaluation and Operations Studies division — НАСА отдел лётной оценки и исследования операций

Instrumentation and Communications division — НАСА отдел приборно-измерительного оборудования и средств связи

Instrumentation and Electronic Systems division — НАСА отдел приборно-измерительного оборудования и электронных систем

manned flight operations division — отдел полётов пилотируемых ЛА

Manned Space Sciences division — НАСА отдел научных проблем, связанных с полётом человека в космическом пространстве

Manufacturing Research and Technology division — НАСА отдел производственных исследований и технологии производства

Materials and Structures division — НАСА отдел материалов и конструкций

Mechanical and Propulsion Systems division — НАСА отдел механических и двигательных систем

Nuclear Systems and Space Power division — НАСА отдел ядерных систем и источников питания для космических аппаратов

Organization and Personnel division — НАСА отдел организации и личного состава

Planning and Tool Engineering division — НАСА отдел планирования и оснастки

Procurement and Supply division — НАСА отдел закупок и снабжения

Research and Development Applications division — НАСА отдел применения [внедрения] научно-исследовательских и опытно-конструкторских работ

RF and Telemetry division — НАСА радиотехнический и телеметрический отдел

space power system division — отдел систем питания КЛА

Spacecraft Systems and Project division — НАСА отдел систем КЛА и проектирования

Structure and Mechanics division — НАСА отдел конструкций и механики

— aeronautical systems division

— aerospace medical division

— air armament division

— air defense division

— air division

— airborne division

— aircraft allocations division

— aircraft division

— aircraft maintenance division

— airlift division

— air-mobile division

— airplane division

— airspace division

— allocation division

— armament division

— aviation division

— bombardment air division

— Component Technology division

— Contracts Management division

— Crew Systems division

— division of thrust

— Dynamic Loads division

— Educational Programs division

— Electromagnetic division

— Electromagnetic Propulsion division

— electronic systems division

— Fabrication division

— Facilities Operations division

— Finance division

— Financial Management division

— Fiscal division

— Flight Operations division

— frequency division

— Management Analysis division

— Management Services division

— Mechanical Service division

— missile division

— Nuclear Reactor division

— Plant Management division

— Plant Services division

— procurement division

— Research Reports division

— scale division

— Sounding Rocket division

— space mechanics division

— space sciences division

— spacecraft technology division

— technical information division

— technical programs division

— theoretical division

— time division

Englsh-Russian aviation and space dictionary > division
10 Stephenson, George

SUBJECT AREA: Land transport, Railways and locomotives

[br]

b. 9 June 1781 Wylam, Northumberland, England

d. 12 August 1848 Tapton House, Chesterfield, England

[br]

English engineer, "the father of railways".

[br]

George Stephenson was the son of the fireman of the pumping engine at Wylam colliery, and horses drew wagons of coal along the wooden rails of the Wylam wagonway past the house in which he was born and spent his earliest childhood. While still a child he worked as a cowherd, but soon moved to working at coal pits. At 17 years of age he showed sufficient mechanical talent to be placed in charge of a new pumping engine, and had already achieved a job more responsible than that of his father. Despite his position he was still illiterate, although he subsequently learned to read and write. He was largely self-educated.

In 1801 he was appointed Brakesman of the winding engine at Black Callerton pit, with responsibility for lowering the miners safely to their work. Then, about two years later, he became Brakesman of a new winding engine erected by Robert Hawthorn at Willington Quay on the Tyne. Returning collier brigs discharged ballast into wagons and the engine drew the wagons up an inclined plane to the top of "Ballast Hill" for their contents to be tipped; this was one of the earliest applications of steam power to transport, other than experimentally.

In 1804 Stephenson moved to West Moor pit, Killingworth, again as Brakesman. In 1811 he demonstrated his mechanical skill by successfully modifying a new and unsatisfactory atmospheric engine, a task that had defeated the efforts of others, to enable it to pump a drowned pit clear of water. The following year he was appointed Enginewright at Killingworth, in charge of the machinery in all the collieries of the "Grand Allies", the prominent coal-owning families of Wortley, Liddell and Bowes, with authorization also to work for others. He built many stationary engines and he closely examined locomotives of John Blenkinsop's type on the Kenton \& Coxlodge wagonway, as well as those of William Hedley at Wylam.

It was in 1813 that Sir Thomas Liddell requested George Stephenson to build a steam locomotive for the Killingworth wagonway: Blucher made its first trial run on 25 July 1814 and was based on Blenkinsop's locomotives, although it lacked their rack-and-pinion drive. George Stephenson is credited with building the first locomotive both to run on edge rails and be driven by adhesion, an arrangement that has been the conventional one ever since. Yet Blucher was far from perfect and over the next few years, while other engineers ignored the steam locomotive, Stephenson built a succession of them, each an improvement on the last.

During this period many lives were lost in coalmines from explosions of gas ignited by miners' lamps. By observation and experiment (sometimes at great personal risk) Stephenson invented a satisfactory safety lamp, working independently of the noted scientist Sir Humphry Davy who also invented such a lamp around the same time.

In 1817 George Stephenson designed his first locomotive for an outside customer, the Kilmarnock \& Troon Railway, and in 1819 he laid out the Hetton Colliery Railway in County Durham, for which his brother Robert was Resident Engineer. This was the first railway to be worked entirely without animal traction: it used inclined planes with stationary engines, self-acting inclined planes powered by gravity, and locomotives.

On 19 April 1821 Stephenson was introduced to Edward Pease, one of the main promoters of the Stockton \& Darlington Railway (S \& DR), which by coincidence received its Act of Parliament the same day. George Stephenson carried out a further survey, to improve the proposed line, and in this he was assisted by his 18-year-old son, Robert Stephenson, whom he had ensured received the theoretical education which he himself lacked. It is doubtful whether either could have succeeded without the other; together they were to make the steam railway practicable.

At George Stephenson's instance, much of the S \& DR was laid with wrought-iron rails recently developed by John Birkinshaw at Bedlington Ironworks, Morpeth. These were longer than cast-iron rails and were not brittle: they made a track well suited for locomotives. In June 1823 George and Robert Stephenson, with other partners, founded a firm in Newcastle upon Tyne to build locomotives and rolling stock and to do general engineering work: after its Managing Partner, the firm was called Robert Stephenson \& Co.

In 1824 the promoters of the Liverpool \& Manchester Railway (L \& MR) invited George Stephenson to resurvey their proposed line in order to reduce opposition to it. William James, a wealthy land agent who had become a visionary protagonist of a national railway network and had seen Stephenson's locomotives at Killingworth, had promoted the L \& MR with some merchants of Liverpool and had carried out the first survey; however, he overreached himself in business and, shortly after the invitation to Stephenson, became bankrupt. In his own survey, however, George Stephenson lacked the assistance of his son Robert, who had left for South America, and he delegated much of the detailed work to incompetent assistants. During a devastating Parliamentary examination in the spring of 1825, much of his survey was shown to be seriously inaccurate and the L \& MR's application for an Act of Parliament was refused. The railway's promoters discharged Stephenson and had their line surveyed yet again, by C.B. Vignoles.

The Stockton \& Darlington Railway was, however, triumphantly opened in the presence of vast crowds in September 1825, with Stephenson himself driving the locomotive Locomotion, which had been built at Robert Stephenson \& Co.'s Newcastle works. Once the railway was at work, horse-drawn and gravity-powered traffic shared the line with locomotives: in 1828 Stephenson invented the horse dandy, a wagon at the back of a train in which a horse could travel over the gravity-operated stretches, instead of trotting behind.

Meanwhile, in May 1826, the Liverpool \& Manchester Railway had successfully obtained its Act of Parliament. Stephenson was appointed Engineer in June, and since he and Vignoles proved incompatible the latter left early in 1827. The railway was built by Stephenson and his staff, using direct labour. A considerable controversy arose c. 1828 over the motive power to be used: the traffic anticipated was too great for horses, but the performance of the reciprocal system of cable haulage developed by Benjamin Thompson appeared in many respects superior to that of contemporary locomotives. The company instituted a prize competition for a better locomotive and the Rainhill Trials were held in October 1829.

Robert Stephenson had been working on improved locomotive designs since his return from America in 1827, but it was the L \& MR's Treasurer, Henry Booth, who suggested the multi-tubular boiler to George Stephenson. This was incorporated into a locomotive built by Robert Stephenson for the trials: Rocket was entered by the three men in partnership. The other principal entrants were Novelty, entered by John Braithwaite and John Ericsson, and Sans Pareil, entered by Timothy Hackworth, but only Rocket, driven by George Stephenson, met all the organizers' demands; indeed, it far surpassed them and demonstrated the practicability of the long-distance steam railway. With the opening of the Liverpool \& Manchester Railway in 1830, the age of railways began.

Stephenson was active in many aspects. He advised on the construction of the Belgian State Railway, of which the Brussels-Malines section, opened in 1835, was the first all-steam railway on the European continent. In England, proposals to link the L \& MR with the Midlands had culminated in an Act of Parliament for the Grand Junction Railway in 1833: this was to run from Warrington, which was already linked to the L \& MR, to Birmingham. George Stephenson had been in charge of the surveys, and for the railway's construction he and J.U. Rastrick were initially Principal Engineers, with Stephenson's former pupil Joseph Locke under them; by 1835 both Stephenson and Rastrick had withdrawn and Locke was Engineer-in-Chief. Stephenson remained much in demand elsewhere: he was particularly associated with the construction of the North Midland Railway (Derby to Leeds) and related lines. He was active in many other places and carried out, for instance, preliminary surveys for the Chester \& Holyhead and Newcastle \& Berwick Railways, which were important links in the lines of communication between London and, respectively, Dublin and Edinburgh.

He eventually retired to Tapton House, Chesterfield, overlooking the North Midland. A man who was self-made (with great success) against colossal odds, he was ever reluctant, regrettably, to give others their due credit, although in retirement, immensely wealthy and full of honour, he was still able to mingle with people of all ranks.

[br]

Principal Honours and Distinctions

President, Institution of Mechanical Engineers, on its formation in 1847. Order of Leopold (Belgium) 1835. Stephenson refused both a knighthood and Fellowship of the Royal Society.

Bibliography

1815, jointly with Ralph Dodd, British patent no. 3,887 (locomotive drive by connecting rods directly to the wheels).

1817, jointly with William Losh, British patent no. 4,067 (steam springs for locomotives, and improvements to track).

Further Reading

L.T.C.Rolt, 1960, George and Robert Stephenson, Longman (the best modern biography; includes a bibliography).

S.Smiles, 1874, The Lives of George and Robert Stephenson, rev. edn, London (although sycophantic, this is probably the best nineteenthcentury biography).

PJGR

Biographical history of technology > Stephenson, George
11 astronomy

астрономия; иногда радиоастрономия

@amateur astronomy

любительская астрономия
@archaeastronomy
археоастрономия
@aviation astronomy
авиационная астрономия
@balloon astronomy
баллонная астрономия (наблюдения со стратостатов)
@classical astronomy
классическая астрономия
@cosmic radio astronomy
космическая радиоастрономия
@descriptive astronomy
описательная астрономия
@dynamical astronomy
небесная механика
@ephemerical astronomy
эфемеридная астрономия
@field astronomy
полевая [геодезическая] астрономия
@fundamental astronomy
фундаментальная астрометрия
@galactic radio astronomy
галактическая радиоастрономия
@gamma-ray astronomy
гамма-астрономия
@general astronomy
общая (описательная) астрономия
@geodetic astronomy
геодезическая астрономия
@ground-based astronomy
наземная астрономия
@gravitational astronomy
небесная механика
@infrared astronomy
инфракрасная астрономия
@meridian astronomy
меридианная астрономия
@meteoric(al) astronomy
метеорная астрономия
@meteor-radio astronomy
метеорная радиоастрономия
@microwave astronomy
микроволновая астрономия (1 мм – 6 см)
@millimeter-wave astronomy
миллиметровая астрономия
@modern astronomy
современная астрономия
@molecular line radio astronomy
радиоастрономия молекулярных линий (в межзвездных облаках)
@nautical astronomy
мореходная астрономия
@observational astronomy
наблюдательная астрономия
@optical astronomy
оптическая астрономия
@physical astronomy
астрофизика
@planetary astronomy
планетная астрономия
@position astronomy
позиционная астрономия
@practical astronomy
практическая астрономия
@pre-sent-day astronomy
современная астрономия
@pretelescopic astronomy
дотелескопическая астрономия
@radar astronomy
радиолокационная астрономия
@radio astronomy
радиоастрономия
@rocket astronomy
ракетная астрономия
@satellite astronomy
спутниковая астрономия
@space astronomy
космическая астрономия
@spacecraft astronomy
астрономические исследования с космических аппаратов
@spherical astronomy
сферическая астрономия
@stellar astronomy
звездная астрономия
@surveying astronomy
полевая [геодезическая] астрономия
@telescopic astronomy
телескопическая астрономия
@television astronomy
телевизионная астрономия
@theoretical astronomy
теоретическая астрономия
@ultraviolet astronomy
ультрафиолетовая астрономия
@visual astronomy
визуальная астрономия
@X-ray astronomy
рентгеновская астрономия
@

English-Russian astronomy dictionary > astronomy
12 aerodynamics

аэродинамика; аэродинамические характеристики

aerodynamics of cooling (system) — аэродинамика систем (ы) охлаждения

aerodynamics of high-lift devices — аэродинамические характеристики устройств увеличения подъёмной силы

aerodynamics of lift fan aircraft — аэродинамика ЛА с подъёмными вентиляторами

aerodynamics of shrouded propellers — аэродинамика туннельных винтов [винтов в кольце]

aerodynamics of slender cones — аэродинамика тонких конусов

aerodynamics of supersonic flight — аэродинамика сверхзвукового полёта [сверхзвуковых скоростей полёта]

aerodynamics of the super-stall — аэродинамика глубокого срыва

aerodynamics of variable sweep(-wing) — аэродинамика крыла изменяемой стреловидности

wing leading edge aerodynamics — аэродинамика носка крыла

— ablation aerodynamics

— aerodynamics of aircraft

— aerodynamics of bodies

— aerodynamics of hovering

— aerodynamics of jets

— aerodynamics of rocket

— aerodynamics of turbomachinery

— aerodynamics of wing

— airframe aerodynamics

— airplane aerodynamics

— analoged aerodynamics

— applied aerodynamics

— associated aerodynamics

— asymmetrical body aerodynamics

— basic aerodynamics

— blade-tip aerodynamics

— blunt-cone body aerodynamics

— combustion aerodynamics

— compressible aerodynamics

— conventional aerodynamics

— cruise fan aerodynamics

— CTOL aerodynamics

— data sheets aerodynamics

— design aerodynamics

— dynamic aerodynamics

— elementary aerodynamics

— engineering aerodynamics

— estimated aerodynamics

— experimental aerodynamics

— free-flight aerodynamics

— helicopter aerodynamics

— high-lift aerodynamics

— high-speed aerodynamics

— hypersonic aerodynamics

— incompressible aerodynamics

— induced aerodynamics

— industrial aerodynamics

— inlet aerodynamics

— intake aerodynamics

— internal aerodynamics

— landing aerodynamics

— lifting-body aerodynamics

— linearized aerodynamics

— longitudinal aerodynamics

— low-density aerodynamics

— low-drag aerodynamics

— low-speed aerodynamics

— missile aerodynamics

— nonlinear aerodynamics

— nonsteady aerodynamics

— panel flutter aerodynamics

— paraglider aerodynamics

— perfect-gas aerodynamics

— power-on wing aerodynamics

— powerplant aerodynamics

— project aerodynamics

— propeller aerodynamics

— rarefied-gas aerodynamics

— reentry aerodynamics

— rotary-wing aerodynamics

— rotor aerodynamics

— rotorcraft aerodynamics

— RTOL aerodynamics

— slender-body aerodynamics

— slip-flow aerodynamics

— space shuttle aerodynamics

— stalling aerodynamics

— static aerodynamics

— steady-flow aerodynamics

— steady-state aerodynamics

— STOL aerodynamics

— straight-wing aerodynamics

— subsonic aerodynamics

— supersonic aerodynamics

— swept-wing aerodynamics

— takeoff aerodynamics

— theoretical aerodynamics

— transient aerodynamics

— transonic aerodynamics

— ultrahigh-speed aerodynamics

— unsteady-flow aerodynamics

— unsteady-state aerodynamics

— upper-air aerodynamics

— upper-atmosphere aerodynamics

— V/STOL aerodynamics

— vortex-flow aerodynamics

— VTOL aerodynamics

Englsh-Russian aviation and space dictionary > aerodynamics
13 increment

приращение, прирост, увеличение, возрастание

theoretical velocity increment of a rocket stage — теоретический запас характеристической скорости ступени ракеты

— drag increment

— escape increment

— increments of braking

— lift increment

— performance increment

— pressure increment

— temperature increment

— thrust increment

— velocity increment

Englsh-Russian aviation and space dictionary > increment
14 performance

тактико-технические данные; характеристики; лётные данные; лётные качества; эксплуатационные качества; производительность; ( лётный) показ, демонстрационный полет; воздушное представление; показ высшего пилотажа; фигура ( высшего пилотажа)

boost to supersonic performance — разгонять до сверхзвуковой скорости

calculated performance of propellant — расчётная характеристика (компонента) ракетного топлива

final approach climb performance — характеристики набора высоты в конфигурации для приземления

first segment climb performance — лётные характеристики при наборе высоты на первом участке (взлетной траектории)

maximum thrust takeoff performance — взлетные характеристики на режиме максимальной тяги

mechanical performance of an aircraft — исправная работа всех механизмов ЛА

military thrust takeoff performance — взлетные характеристики на боевом [максимальном бесфорсажном] режиме

off-runway takeoff and landing performance — взлетно-посадочные характеристики для грунтовых аэродромов

performance of a figure — выполнение фигуры

water-test performance of the pump — ркт. характеристики насоса, снятые на воде

— ablation performance

— ablative material performance

— ablator performance

— aerobatic performance

— aerodynamic performance

— aerothermodynamic performance

— air refueling performance

— airborne performance

— aircraft performance

— airfield performance

— air-to-air performance

— all-round performance

— altitude performance

— antiicing performance

— antiwear performance

— approach climb performance

— approach performance

— astronaut performance

— augmented performance

— aviator performance

— ballistic performance

— basic performance

— bench performance

— better the performance

— calculated performance

— chamber performance

— circling performance

— climbing performance

— climb-out performance

— closing performance

— combat performance

— continuous performance

— continuous reliable performance

— cruise performance

— cruising performance

— dash performance

— degraded performance

— descent performance

— design-point performance

— diffuser performance

— dimensionless performance

— dynamic performance

— engine performance

— engine-out performance

— en-route climb performance

— entry performance

— erosion performance

— erratic performance

— estimated performance

— experimental performance

— fatigue performance

— field performance

— field-length performance

— fighter performance

— flight performance

— flight-test performance

— full automatic-landing performance

— full-scale performance

— glide performance

— gliding performance

— gross performance

— ground performance

— heat-shield performance

— heat-transfer performance

— height-keeping performance

— high-aititude performance

— high-impulse performance

— high-level performance

— high-speed rotor performance

— hot-weather performance

— hovering performance

— human performance

— hyperthermal ablation performance

— intentional performance

— jet-engine performance

— landing performance

— launcher performance

— launch-vehicle performance

— level supersonic performance

— level-flight performance

— long-period performance

— long-term performance

— low-altitude performance

— low-level performance

— low-speed performance

— low-speed rotor performance

— lunar surface performance

— maneuvering performance

— manual performance

— match the performance

— motor performance

— net performance

— noise performance

— nozzle performance

— off-design performance

— optimum performance

— overshoot performance

— payload/apogee performance

— peak performance

— performance of autorotations

— pilot performance

— pitching performance

— predicted performance

— propellant performance

— propulsion performance

— pump performance

— range performance

— receiver performance

— reentry performance

— refused takeoff performance

— return performance

— rocket propellant performance

— rolling performance

— rotor performance

— shortfield performance

— short-period performance

— short-term performance

— simulated performance

— single-engine performance

— soaring performance

— solar-array performance

— solar-cell performance

— solo performances

— specification performance

— specified performance

— speed performance

— speed/climb performance

— stage performance

— stalling performance

— static performance

— static propeller performance

— subsonic performance

— suction performance

— supersonic cruise performance

— supersonic dash performance

— supersonic performance

— takeoff climb performance

— takeoff performance

— terrain-following performance

— theoretical performance

— thermal performance

— thermal protection performance

— thermodynamic performance

— thrust performance

— transient performance

— transonic performance

— turning performance

— unfailing performance

— valve flow performance

— VTOL performance

— waterborne performance

— yawing performance

Englsh-Russian aviation and space dictionary > performance

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Словари и энциклопедии на Академике

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theoretical rocket

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Словари и энциклопедии на Академике

Перевод: с английского на все языки

theoretical rocket

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